Landscape Lighting: Line Voltage vs. Low Voltage Lighting

Outdoor lighting can transform a landscape, highlighting architectural features, illuminating pathways, and creating dramatic effects after dusk. When planning a landscape lighting system, one of the first decisions is choosing between line voltage and low voltage lighting. Each has advantages and disadvantages depending on the setting and desired effects. This guide examines the key differences between line voltage and low voltage landscape lighting to help you select the best option for your needs.

What Is Line Voltage Lighting?

Line voltage landscape lighting utilizes the same 120-volt power source used to run lighting fixtures inside a home. Line voltage landscape lighting connects directly to a home's electrical system and is turned on using a standard light switch. The luminaires used must be rated for outdoor wet locations.

Line voltage landscape lighting provides bright, abundant light similar to standard light bulbs. The fixtures come in a range of wattages to produce anything from subtle accent lighting to a bright floodlight effect. Line voltage landscape lighting requires running 120-volt electrical wiring underground to each luminaire. The wiring must be buried at a proper depth and use exterior-rated materials to avoid damage. Having accessible 120-volt power at each fixture makes line voltage lighting a good match for higher wattage light bulbs.

What Is Low Voltage Lighting?

Low voltage landscape lighting runs on 12 or 24 volts supplied by an external transformer plugged into a standard 120-volt outdoor electrical outlet. The low voltage wire runs underground from the transformer to each low voltage fixture. The luminaires contain a small transformer to convert the low voltage power to the proper wattage. Low voltage lighting systems typically use LED bulb technology optimized to run on 12 or 24 volts.

Low voltage landscape lighting provides lower light levels suitable for accenting features and creating a soft ambiance. The benefit of low voltage systems is that the thin cables used pose minimal risk of shock or electrocution during installation. Low voltage landscape lighting also uses less energy compared to line voltage bulbs producing similar light output. Transformers allow each lighting zone to be controlled independently.

Feel free to explore What are the Pros and Cons of Low Voltage Landscape Lighting? to know more about low voltage landscape lighting.

What Are the Differences Between Line Voltage Lighting and Low Voltage Lighting?

There are several noteworthy differences between line voltage and low voltage landscape lighting systems that impact their performance, installation, and suitability for various applications:

• Power Source - The power source is a major difference. Line voltage lighting taps into the 120-volt electrical current from the main household wiring. This allows line voltage lighting to support higher wattage bulbs. Low voltage lighting runs on 12V or 24V current transformed down from 120V via a plug-in transformer. The lower voltage current enables safer DIY installation.
• Light Output - Due to the higher voltage, line voltage lighting can produce brighter, more intense light comparable to indoor ceiling fixtures. Low voltage lighting generates subtler, more decorative illumination ideal for accenting landscapes. This makes low voltage better suited for creating ambiance versus illuminating large areas.
• Wiring - The wiring needs vary considerably. Line voltage lighting requires running thick, heavy-duty 120V electrical wiring underground to each luminaire location. Low voltage only needs thin, flexible low voltage cables to connect fixtures to the transformer. This allows for easier installation.
• Safety - Since line voltage fixtures operate on 120V, the risk of electrocution or electrical fires is much greater if wiring is improperly installed. Low voltage's 12V or 24V current poses minimal electric shock risk during DIY installation.
• Energy Efficiency - Low voltage lighting consumes markedly less energy compared to line voltage systems with similar light output. This translates into lower electricity bills.
• Zoning/Control - Low voltage systems allow lighting zones to be independently controlled via multiple transformers. This level of control is not readily achievable with line voltage.
• Installation - Professional electrical expertise is a must for line voltage lighting installation. Low voltage can be tackled as a DIY project without electrical training.
• Cost - Upfront fixture costs are lower for line voltage lights, but wiring installation is pricier. Low voltage has higher per fixture costs, but wiring installation is simpler.

While low-voltage lighting is great, it can sometimes be problematic, read on How to Troubleshoot a Low Voltage Lighting System?

By understanding these key differences, you can determine which system better suits your specific landscape lighting needs. If high-intensity lighting is needed to illuminate large areas, line voltage is likely the better choice. For subtle ambiance and easier, safer installation, low voltage has clear advantages in residential settings.

Line Voltage Lighting vs. Low Voltage Lighting: Which Is Better for Landscape Lighting?

When it comes to residential and small commercial landscape lighting, low voltage systems offer several advantages compared to line voltage:

• Safety - Low voltage 12V or 24V current minimizes the risk of electrocution or electrical fires during DIY installation. Line voltage poses a greater safety hazard if wiring is improper.
• Installation - Low voltage lighting does not require specialized electrical training or licensure to install. This makes low voltage a better choice for DIY landscape lighting projects. Line voltage installation is best left to licensed electricians.
• Ambiance - Low voltage lighting produces subtle, accent-style lighting perfect for creating mood and ambiance. Line voltage is better suited for brightly illuminating large areas.
• Energy efficiency - Low voltage LED fixtures consume far less electricity than line voltage for a similar quality of light output. This results in cost savings on your energy bill.
• Control - Low voltage systems allow lighting zones to be independently dimmed, brightened, and controlled through multiple transformers. Line voltage does not easily permit this level of control.
• Damage resistance - The small gauge, flexible cables used in low voltage lighting are more resistant to damage if digging or landscaping occurs after installation.

However, for large-scale commercial projects, sports fields, or very high wattage area lighting, line voltage has advantages:

• Brightness - Line voltage can power very high wattage fixtures to brightly light up vast areas a low voltage system could not illuminate as effectively.
• Simpler wiring - Line voltage does not require a transformer between the power source and fixtures, reducing complexity.
• Lower per-fixture cost - Individual line voltage luminaires cost less compared to low voltage fixtures with integrated transformers.
• Leveraging existing wiring - Line voltage can take advantage of a building's existing outdoor 120V electrical outlets and wiring.
• High voltage specialty lighting - Line voltage is the only option for very high-intensity lighting applications such as floodlights or parking lot lights.

For large-scale commercial landscape lighting projects or lighting recreational spaces like sports fields, line voltage is often the preferred choice due to its higher light output and simpler wiring requirements. Line voltage may also be the better option if very high wattage luminaires are needed to light up a large area.

In most residential settings, low voltage landscape lighting provides ideal accent and decorative illumination while avoiding the cost and complexity of installing line voltage electrical systems. Low voltage is also the safer choice for DIY landscape lighting installation. Make sure to calculate your lighting needs and evaluate costs carefully when deciding between line voltage versus low voltage. An experienced landscape lighting company can also provide guidance on the best system for your unique requirements.

Learn more How to Design a Landscape Lighting System in Your Home? can help you know about line voltage and low voltage better.

Conclusion

The choice between line voltage and low voltage landscape lighting comes down to a few key factors - light levels needed, size of area being illuminated, safety, complexity of installation, and ease of control. For many residential spaces, low voltage lighting systems are ideal since they provide flexible placement of subtle, accent-style lighting with minimal installation hassle and operational safety concerns. However, there are situations where line voltage lighting may be the better fit or the only option, for example when very high wattage output is needed. Carefully weighing the pros and cons of each approach will lead you to the best landscape lighting solution for creating your perfect outdoor ambiance.

Read More

• Do I Need a Transformer for Outdoor Lighting?
• 10 Reasons Why Low Voltage Lights Are Good